As people all over the world observe the 70th anniversary of the Allied invasion of Normandy – widely considered the turning point of World War II – some commenters have expressed concern that the passing of the generation that fought the war means people are at risk of forgetting the importance of that titanic struggle.
If so, that would be nothing new, according to data archived at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at Cornell University.
Public knowledge of D-Day was already waning 20 years ago, despite saturation-level media coverage of the invasion’s 50th anniversary and a large number of living D-Day veterans, according to a CBS News poll archived at the Center. When asked “As far as you know, what does the term ‘D-Day’ refer to?,” only 27% gave the correct answer, 29% responded they did not know or offered no answer, and 44% gave an incorrect response. Among those who answered incorrectly, the most frequent response was that D-Day was the day the U.S. won the war or the day the war was over. Another 10% thought D-Day was the day Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. Another 7% linked D-Day to the U.S. bombing Japan or dropping the atomic bomb on that nation.
“We’re a country that makes a point of honoring our veterans, but it seems we’re not always clear exactly what we’re honoring them for,” said Paul Herrnson, Director of the Roper Center and a political science professor at UConn.
Figure 1. Almost 3/4 of U.S. adults could not accurately identify what D-day referred to. (CBS News, 1994)
Americans did a little better 10 years later, when provided with the prompt that D-Day involved an invasion by the Allies during World War II. Gallup surveys archived at the center showed that in 2004, roughly 60% of Americans were able to identify Germany as the adversary on that day, and France/Normandy/Omaha Beach as the location of the fighting (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Correct, incorrect, and no answers to the question of what country’s army the U.S. and allied forces were fighting against during the D-Day invasion among U.S. adults, with a majority giving the correct answer, Germany.
In their analysis, Gallup found that the WWII generation and their children, aged 50 and over at the time, were more likely to give an accurate response to these two questions (approximately 70%) than were young adults (40-50%).
However, education was a much better correlate of an accurate perception of D-Day than age, with only 16-17% of college graduates either not knowing or mistaken in their perceptions of where the Allied landing occurred or who the Allies were fighting that day, compared to 48-49% of respondents with only a high school degree (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Percentage of U.S. adults surveyed in 2004 giving inaccurate information regarding the landing site and the identity of the adversary army on D-Day. Gallup, 2004
A lack of accurate knowledge about D-Day isn’t restricted to the U.S. population. A poll taken by FirstNews, a British online weekly for young adults, on May 21st, 2014, shows that 38% of its readers believed D-Day was either during WWI (16%) or the Iraq War (22%).
Age also plays a role in Britain. A survey of 18-35 year olds commissioned by Universal Pictures in support of the Royal British Legion showed that just over half (52%) knew that D-Day marks the day of the Normandy landings, with over a fifth (22%) suggesting that it marks the end of the Great War (The Courier, 5/16/2014). These results are very similar to Gallup’s findings for this age group in the U.S. in 2004.
“There will be ceremonies and speeches to commemorate the anniversary of D-Day this week, and as we pause to mark the occasion, it’s worth stopping to ask how well we’re keeping the memory of those events alive,” Herrnson said.
For media inquiries, please contact Kathleen Weldon, Research Manager of the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research 860.486.9347.
The results reported in this piece are just a selection of data points from a vast database of US polling questions from 1935 to present. The iPOLL database provides responses to some 600,000 questions posed from US sample surveys collected by nearly every major survey organization in the country. Members and subscribers can search iPOLL for these data and link directly to datasets to conduct more in-depth analysis. To learn more about the vast public opinion resources of the Roper Center, contact Kathleen Weldon.
Date Published: June 6, 2014